Changes in affect: patterns in Grade 4 and Grade 8 students' expressed emotional directions.

This paper targets patterns of expressed emotional directions towards mathematics. By using TIMSS data and recoding two of the instruments, we compared responses from the same student cohort in Grade 4 (11 years old) and Grade 8 (15 years old) in Sweden. Two hypotheses were tested: negative emotions including negative motivations increase with age, and there will be gender differences. By using statistical analyses, including Cramer's V, the two hypotheses were confirmed. The results also illuminated patterns within the responses, such that boys and girls in Grade 4 differ in expressed intrinsic motivation but not extrinsic motivation. There are also indications that girls might be more likely to form negative emotional directions between grades 4 and 8 than boys, and some implications of this is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]