An innovative time-varying particle swarm-based Salp algorithm for intrusion detection system and large-scale global optimization problems.

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) suffers from delayed convergence and stagnation in the local optimal solution, as do most meta-heuristic algorithms. This study proposes a time-based leadership particle swarm-based Salp (TPSOSA) to address the PSO's limitations. The TPSOSA is a novel search technique that addresses population diversity, an imbalance between exploitation and exploration, and the premature convergence of the PSO algorithm. Hybridization in TPSOSA is divided into two stages: The PSO hierarchy of leaders and followers is first represented as a time-varying dynamic structure. Because we need much exploration at the beginning and many exploitative steps at the end, this method raises the number of leaders while decreasing the number of follower particles linearly. In the time-varying form of the PSO (TPSOSA), unlike the PSO, the number of leaders and followers changes over time. PSO's robust search strategy is used to update the leaders' positions. Second, the SSA's powerful exploitation is utilized to update the followers' swarm population position. The purpose of tweaking the particle swarm optimizer algorithm is to aid the fundamental method in avoiding premature convergence and quickly directing the search to the most promising likely search space. The proposed TPSOSA method is tested using the CEC 2017 benchmark, seven CEC2008lsgo test functions with 200, 500, and 1000 decision variables, and 19 datasets (including three high-dimensional datasets and the NSL-KDD Dataset for Intrusion Detection System). In each experiment, TPSOSA is compared to various state-of-the-art metaheuristics methods. Friedman and Wilcoxon rank-sum statistical tests are also used to analyze the data. Experimental data and statistical tests show that the TPSOSA algorithm is very competitive and often superior to the algorithms used in the studies. According to the results, TPSOSA can also find an optimal feature subset that enhances classification accuracy while reducing the number of features employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]