Large-scale impacts of small-scale ocean topography.

While large-scale seafloor features (e.g. continental slopes, mid-ocean ridges) help shape the broad patterns of ocean circulation, small-scale rough topography (e.g. seamounts, abyssal hills) can also impact the large-scale dynamics in two significant ways. First, they impact the momentum budget through flow steering, flow blocking and drag force, non-local momentum transfer via the generation of radiating internal waves and momentum dissipation by topographically induced turbulence. Second, they impact the density budget. Turbulence induced by flow–topography interactions facilitates ocean overturning circulation by upwelling dense, deep waters which form in polar oceans and sink to the abyss. Rough topography and its associated dynamics are of subgrid scale in Earth systems models (ESMs) and need parameterization for the foreseeable future. A parameterization of the intertwined impacts of flow–topography interactions on momentum and density budgets is currently non-existent, although its importance is well established. Radko (J. Fluid Mech. , vol. 961, 2023, A24) provides a novel analytical model for representing the impact of rough seafloor on larger-scale flows, spanning slow to fast flow-speed regimes in homogeneous and multilayer models. The proposed 'closure' is in remarkable agreement with high-resolution numerical simulations and provides a crucial step forward in parameterizing the impact of rough topography in coarse-resolution ocean models. Extending the model to the full Navier–Stokes equations, linking it to the density budget and considering more realistic ocean topography are three critical future steps towards implementing Radko's theory in operational ESMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]