Utilization of chemically modified coal fly ash as cost-effective adsorbent for removal of hazardous organic wastes.

Disposal of dyes wastewater into aquatic streams is considered as a major challenge due to its effect on water ecosystem. Direct dyes have a complex aromatic structure. Therefore, it is difficult to separate them from industrial wastewater. Conversely, fly ash is a main by-product pollutant generated from coal burning to fulfill energy requirements. In this study, thermochemical treatment process was applied to coal fly ash (CFA) in order to increase its surface area, improve its pore's structure and enhancing its adsorption capacity for direct blue 78 dye (DB78) removal. The treated coal fly ash (TCFA) was characterized by physicochemical analyses such as XRD, XRF, TGA, SEM, FTIR, surface area (S_BET) and particles size analysis. Batch experiments were conducted to analyze the adsorption behavior for TCFA and to examine the DB78 dye removal efficiency. The physicochemical analysis results indicated that a higher increase in CFA surface area from 9.6 to 60.4 m²g⁻¹ was obtained due to the modification process. The maximum removal efficiency using TCFA was 99.7% for initial dye concentration 10 mg/L and TCFA dose 2 g/L. The adsorption isotherm was studied by Langmuir and Freundlich model using different dye concentrations. The results showed that equilibrium data followed closely Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.99) indicating monolayer and homogeneous adsorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]