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Efficient and Controllable Synthesis of 1-Aminoanthraquinone via High-Temperature Ammonolysis Using Continuous-Flow Method.
- Source :
- Molecules; Jun2023, Vol. 28 Issue 11, p4314, 17p
- Publication Year :
- 2023
-
Abstract
- Anthraquinone dyes are the second most important type of dyes after azo dyes. In particular, 1-aminoanthraquinone has been extensively utilized in the preparation of diverse anthraquinone dyes. This study employed a continuous-flow method to synthesize 1-aminoanthraquinone safely and efficiently through the ammonolysis of 1-nitroanthraquinone at high temperatures. Various conditions (reaction temperature, residence time, molar ratio of ammonia to 1-nitroanthraquinone (M-ratio), and water content) were investigated to explore the details of the ammonolysis reaction behavior. Operation conditions for the continuous-flow ammonolysis were optimized using Box–Behnken design in the response surface methodology, and ~88% yield of 1-aminoanthraquinone could be achieved with an M-ratio of 4.5 at 213 °C and 4.3 min. The developed process's reliability was evaluated by performing a 4 h process stability test. The kinetic behavior for the preparation of 1-aminoanthraquinone was investigated under continuous-flow mode to guide the reactor design and to gain a deeper understanding of the ammonolysis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 14203049
- Volume :
- 28
- Issue :
- 11
- Database :
- Complementary Index
- Journal :
- Molecules
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 164216203
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114314