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Highly effective synthesis of biomass-derived furanic diethers over a sulfonated zirconium–carbon coordination catalyst in alcohol systems.
- Source :
- Green Chemistry; 5/21/2023, Vol. 25 Issue 10, p4090-4103, 14p
- Publication Year :
- 2023
-
Abstract
- Directly converting biomass-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-bis(alkoxymethyl)furans (BAMFs) via a one-pot process in alcohol systems is a very important approach for the synthesis of high-quality biofuels; however, this approach is highly challenging because it simultaneously involves the cascading Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley (MPV) reduction and etherification reactions. Thus, designing an acid–base bifunctional catalyst is extremely desirable. Herein, we employed a glucose-based carbonaceous solid acid as a cheap organic ligand to prepare a series of new-type sulfonated zirconium–carbon coordination catalysts (Zr-GC-SO<subscript>3</subscript>H-X) via a simple solvothermal self-assembly method. By regulating the usage proportion of zirconium ions and organic ligand, Zr-GC-SO<subscript>3</subscript>H-1.0, possessing a proper Lewis/Brønsted acid ratio as well as strong Lewis acid–base (Zr<superscript>4+</superscript>–O<superscript>2−</superscript>) and Brønsted acid (–SO<subscript>3</subscript>H) sites, showed the optimum acid–base synergistic effects, so it displayed the highest catalytic performance. When the one-pot reductive etherification (OPRE) of HMF was performed in isopropanol, 2,5-bis(isopropoxymethyl)furan (BIPMF) yield could reach 95.8% in 6 h at 180 °C. Additionally, the analysis results of reaction processes demonstrated that the MPV reduction reaction of HMF was much easier than its etherification reaction in the presence of Zr-GC-SO<subscript>3</subscript>H-1.0, so initially forming 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) and then forming 2-hydroxymethyl-5-(isopropoxymethyl)furan (HIPMF) were the predominant reaction pathway for the OPRE of HMF to BIPMF. More significantly, Zr-GC-SO<subscript>3</subscript>H-1.0 also exhibited excellent universality and catalyzed the high-yield synthesis of various BAMFs in ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol and sec-butanol. Conclusively, this work provided momentous references to construct high-efficiency catalysts for the OPRE of HMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Subjects :
- ORGANIC acids
ETHERIFICATION
BRONSTED acids
CATALYSTS
ETHANOL
ALCOHOL
FURANS
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 14639262
- Volume :
- 25
- Issue :
- 10
- Database :
- Complementary Index
- Journal :
- Green Chemistry
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 163854978
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1039/d3gc00479a