Intelligent Control and Digital Twins for Industry 4.0.

Furthermore, the path to achieving Industry 4.0's goals involves the creation and implementation of advanced automation technologies, which are connected to the design of control systems in a broader sense [[2]]. Continuing with the theme of control systems for Industry 4.0, the authors of [[10]] use the performance portrait method (PPM) to design optimal and robust proportional-integral-derivative controllers with two degrees of freedom (2DoF PID) for a double-integrator plus dead-time (DIPDT) process model. One of the prominent features of the Fourth Industrial Revolution - frequently referred to as I Industry 4.0 i - is "[that it is based on] cyber-physical production systems [and] the merging of real and virtual worlds" [[1]]. [Extracted from the article]