Systems, Wrongs, and Moral Aggregation.

The authors discuss the target article by S. Y. Liao and V. Carbonell in the issue which give outcomes of how racial biases and associated harms arise in the cases of pulse oximeters and spirometers. Topics include approach recommended by Liao and Carbonell to addressing device injustice, an important step in understanding and addressing systemic harms which is missing from Liao and Carbonell's model, and things needed to address the overdetermined oppressive harms for some medical devices.