Uniform Linear Antenna Array Beamsteering Based on Phase-Locked Loops.

Phased arrays are extensively used in many modern beam-scanning applications such as radar and satellite communications. Electronic beam scanning makes phased arrays an important aspect of modern antenna array systems. This Tutorial aims to promote the basic understanding of the principle and operation of a phased array to general undergraduate students. This paper starts with a discussion on the theory of operation and some basic definitions of antenna parameters followed by derivations of two-element and N-element array patterns and, finally, a five-element array design. The essential hardware based on Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs) as phase controllable RF sources required to build an array and the basic tools required for software and measurement set-up to demonstrate the beam-scanning phased array operation are presented. This enables students to quickly understand and set-up an experiment to verify the phased array operation with commercial off-the-shelf components. In addition, the hardware and software necessary for autonomous control are discussed. By combining basic concepts of phase arrays with a series of simple coding and intuitive laboratory experiments, students can easily understand the Uniform Linear Array (ULA) scanning operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]