Process optimization for hot forging of difficult parts by computer experiments and response surface analysis.

Closed die hot forging of 304L stainless steel is difficult compared to carbon and micro-alloyed steels in terms of higher forming force and defects. An appropriate combination of design and process factors including cross-section diameter, initial billet temperature, and flash land thickness is crucial to minimize the forming force without causing any under-filling or folding defects. This paper aims to develop an optimized closed-die hot forging process for long, thin, and tubular rail body components used in gasoline direct injection systems. The effects on the forging load are investigated using computer experiments containing the finite element method under a full factorial array of three factors at three levels to obtain the main and interaction effects. Linear and quadratic surface response analyses are performed to define the relation between forging load and input factors, and finally, the simulations are validated with some limited experiments. The simulation results that fit the nonlinear regression model were in close agreement with the experiments, and an optimal set of parameters is conveniently proposed for industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]