Effect of pectin integration in biowaste chicken bones to produce hydroxyapatite.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) derived from chicken bones was successfully synthesized by calcination and compared with biomimetic HA prepared via chemical precipitation, using pectin-mediated synthesis process. Pectin was extracted from orange peels via microwave irradiation and integrated into chicken bone-HA with the assistance of ultrasonication and ball milling. The synthesized powders were then characterized through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). In general, all synthesized HA powders show similar elements and minerals as the pure HA despite deviation in Ca/P ratio. It was revealed that the integration of pectin was beneficial in enhancing the densification and Vickers hardness of chicken bone-HA. A high relative density of 85.53% and Vickers hardness of 3.53 GPa were achieved by the pectin-integrated cooked chicken bone-HA upon sintering at 1250 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]