In the nexus of integrity and surveillance: Proctoring (re)considered.

Background: The Covid‐19 pandemic disrupted higher education in many ways, such as the move to Emergency Remote Online Teaching and Learning (EROTL), often including a move to online assessments and examinations. With evidence of increased academic dishonesty in unproctored online assessment, institutions sought ways to ensure academic and institutional integrity and reputation. In doing this, many institutions selected and implemented online proctoring solutions. Objectives: This article maps considerations of online proctoring solutions in the nexus between ensuring academic and institutional integrity and reputation, and addressing stakeholder concerns regarding invasive surveillance and the impacts on student privacy. Methods: The study involved a PRISMA‐informed systematic review of three digital libraries, namely Clarivate's Web of Science, Elsevier's Scopus, and Springer's SpringerLink, for peer‐reviewed journal articles and conference proceedings. After screening, a final corpus of 27 articles was analysed. Results and Conclusions: The findings include evidence that, in the midst of the Covid‐19 pandemic, higher education institutions were largely influenced by cost, usability and efficiency in choosing online proctoring solutions to ensure academic and institutional integrity. Student privacy was either considered in terms of data protection and transparency, or not at all. This article aims to provide valuable insight into the criteria used to select online proctoring solutions to ensure academic and institutional integrity in online examination environments. Student privacy appears not to have the consideration it warrants. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter: Academic dishonesty increases in un‐proctored online learningCovid‐19 led HEIs to adopt online proctoring to ensure academic integrityConcerns remain regarding the impact of online proctoring on student privacyOnline proctoring has become an established feature in higher education What the paper adds: A thorough systematic review of online proctoring during the pandemicSituates the move to online proctoring in the nexus of integrity and privacyMaps institutional considerations for selecting online proctoring solutionsEvidence of the relative unimportance of student privacy in picking solutions The implications of study findings for practitioners: Online proctoring is not the only solution to address academic dishonestyOnline proctoring provides a scalable solution to ensure academic integrityIssues such as student anxiety, connectivity, accessibility, etc are relevantStudent privacy beyond data storage and transfer should always be considered [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]