An Analysis of Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling That Is Independent of Inertial Reference Frame.

This paper analyses magnetosphere‐ionosphere (M‐I) coupling from a perspective that is independent of inertial reference frame, and delineates how physical theories of M‐I coupling are affected by the principle of relativity. For the first time in the context of M‐I coupling, we discuss the literature from the 1970s on how the low‐velocity limit of the theory of special relativity is applied to electrodynamics. In most M‐I coupling theories, a particular low‐velocity limit applies, known as the "magnetic limit." Two important consequences of this literature are: (a) significant displacement currents in Maxwell's equations break the Galilean invariance of the equations and (b) magnetic fields are not generated by currents created by a net charge density in motion. We show how reference frame‐independent descriptions of M‐I coupling require that ion‐neutral relative velocities and ion‐neutral collisions are key drivers of the physics. Currents are independent of reference frame whereas electric fields depend on reference frame. Starting with the same momentum equations that are typically used to derive Ohm's law, it is possible to express the perpendicular ionospheric current as depending on collisions between ions and neutrals, and electrons and neutrals, without reference to electric fields. Ignoring the relative motion between ions and neutrals results in errors exceeding 100% for estimates of high latitude Joule heating during significant geomagnetic storms, when ion‐neutral velocity differences are largest near the initiation of large‐scale ion convection. Plain Language Summary: Interactions between the magnetized and ionized solar wind, the magnetospheric cavity surrounding Earth, and Earth's ionized upper atmosphere (ionosphere) can create rapid (∼1 km/s) large‐scale motions of the ionosphere during periods known as geomagnetic storms. We use the principle of relativity (PR) to gain insight into the complex physics of these interactions. Relativity states that the physics governing geospace must be independent of the velocity of an observer making measurements of the system. We write key equations governing interactions of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system in terms of quantities that do not depend on the observer's motion. In doing so, we find that some previous theories had over‐emphasized the importance of a large‐scale electric field that grows during storms, while neglecting important physics related to collisions between the ionized portion of the atmosphere and the un‐ionized "neutral" component that contains much more mass. These collisional interactions create upper atmospheric heating and expansion, and cause large‐scale currents to flow between the ionosphere and magnetosphere, resulting in a multitude of impacts to our technological society. Using the PR, and isolating the physics that is independent of observer motion, led us to a deeper understanding of key physical processes during storms. Key Points: Relativistic transformations applied to electrodynamics are analyzed in the context of magnetosphere‐ionosphere (M‐I) couplingWe present an "Ohm's law" relating horizontal ionospheric currents to quantities that do not vary with inertial reference frameElectrodynamic theories of M‐I coupling that do not account for the relative motion of ions and neutrals are not quantitatively accurate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]