Kelp Forest Drag Coefficients Derived from Tidal Flow Data.

We present an approach for estimating drag coefficients for depth-averaged tidal flows that uses the ratio of observed RMS velocities to the RMS velocities that would be observed without bottom friction. We find that this ratio, R, depends on a single non-dimensional number, P = C D C η 0 / ω H 2 , where C_D is the drag coefficient, and C is the phase speed of a tidal wave with amplitude η 0 and frequency ω , in water of depth h. The function R(P) can be inverted to solve for C_D using measured values of R. Taking advantage of a unique multi-year record of tidal flows on Isla Nativdad, Baja California, Mexico, during which time the kelp forest there varied between non-existent and dense, we use this method to quantify the effect of kelp biomass on drag. This analysis shows that a maximum value of C_D ≈ 0.04 is reached for relatively low values of kelp biomass, which may be an effect of sheltering (reductions in the velocity creating drag due to the close proximity of bundles of kelp stipes). However, values as large as 0.015 were observed when the water column experienced strong secondary flows in the presence of strong density stratification. Given that the long-term measurements were made near a coastal headland, we argue that this may reflect variations in secondary flow strength due to stratification. Lastly, our measurements show little evidence of enhancement of drag by surface waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]