Pioneers in neurology: Paul F.A. Hoefer (1903–1981).

Hoefer likely benefited from continuously being in one institution and not being uprooted like he had been a decade earlier; Putnam left Columbia in 1947 and Houston Merritt took over as head of the Institute in 1948, but Hoefer stayed there [[8]]. Hoefer had known Merritt also since Boston, and Merritt provided an affidavit for Hoefer's 1939 American naturalization [[9]]; thus, he likely supported Hoefer. Keywords: Paul Friedrich Adam Hoefer; Neurologist refugee; History of neurology EN Paul Friedrich Adam Hoefer Neurologist refugee History of neurology 6181 6183 3 10/13/22 20221101 NES 221101 Some recent articles have explored the fates of pioneering neuroscientists who were displaced from pre-World War II Germany, including Munich's Felix Plaut [[1]]. [Extracted from the article]