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Efficient Production of Wild and Non-Edible Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Seed Oil into High-Quality Biodiesel via Novel, Green and Recyclable NiSO 4 Nano-Catalyst.
- Source :
- Sustainability (2071-1050); Aug2022, Vol. 14 Issue 16, p10188-10188, 26p
- Publication Year :
- 2022
-
Abstract
- Highlights: Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. seeds contain 30% oil content and 0.43 mg KOH/g FFA content. Ni-TG nano-catalyst was synthesized through a wet impregnation route. The Ni-TG nano-catalyst has a crystalline size of 39.29 nm with a semispherical and ovoid shape. 0.3 wt% catalyst concentration, 6:1 methanol to oil ratio at 90 °C for 120 min yielded 93% of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. biodiesel. In the current study, a novel green nano-catalyst from Tragacanth gum (TG) was synthesized and used for sustainable biodiesel production from Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. seed oil. Brassica juncea (L.) Czern contains 30% oil on dry basis and free fatty acid content of 0.43 mg KOH/g. Physiochemical characterization of a newly synthesized nano-catalyst was performed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The XRD results showed an average crystalline size of 39.29 nm. TEM analysis showed the cluster form of NiSO<subscript>4</subscript> nanoparticles with a size range from 30–50.5 nm. SEM analysis of the catalyst showed semispherical and ovoid shapes with surface agglomeration. The synthesized catalyst was recovered and re-used in four repeated transesterification cycles. Maximum biodiesel yield (93%) was accomplished at 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration of 0.3 wt%, at 90 °C for 120 min at 600 rpm using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD). Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. biodiesel was characterized by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), FT-IR, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (<superscript>1</superscript>H, <superscript>13</superscript>C), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) analytical techniques. The major fatty acid methyl esters were 16-Octadecenoic acid and 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester. The fuel properties, i.e., flash point (97 °C), density (825 kg/m<superscript>3</superscript> at 40 °C), kinematic viscosity (4.66 mm<superscript>2</superscript>/s), pour point (–10 °C), cloud point (–14 °C), sulfur content (66 wt.%), and total acid number (182 mg KOH/g) were according to the International biodiesel standards. The reaction kinetic parameters were determined, and all the reactions followed Pseudo first-order kinetics. It was concluded that non-edible Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. seed oil is one of the sustainable candidates for the future biofuel industry using a cleaner, reusable, and highly active Ni-modified TG nano-catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 20711050
- Volume :
- 14
- Issue :
- 16
- Database :
- Complementary Index
- Journal :
- Sustainability (2071-1050)
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 158947231
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610188