outer stellar mass of massive galaxies: a simple tracer of halo mass with scatter comparable to richness and reduced projection effects.

Using the weak gravitational lensing data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC survey), we study the potential of different stellar mass estimates in tracing halo mass. We consider galaxies with log₁₀(M _⋆/M_⊙) > 11.5 at 0.2 < z < 0.5 with carefully measured light profiles, and clusters from the redMaPPer and CAMIRA richness-based algorithms. We devise a method (the 'Top- N test') to evaluate the scatter in the halo mass–observable relation for different tracers, and to inter-compare halo mass proxies in four number density bins using stacked galaxy–galaxy lensing profiles. This test reveals three key findings. Stellar masses based on CModel photometry and aperture luminosity within R <30 kpc are poor proxies of halo mass. In contrast, the stellar mass of the outer envelope is an excellent halo mass proxy. The stellar mass within R  = [50, 100] kpc, M _{⋆, [50, 100]}, has performance comparable to the state-of-the-art richness-based cluster finders at log₁₀ M _vir ≳ 14.0 and could be a better halo mass tracer at lower halo masses. Finally, using N -body simulations, we find that the lensing profiles of massive haloes selected by M _{⋆, [50, 100]} are consistent with the expectation for a sample without projection or mis-centring effects. Richness-selected clusters, on the other hand, display an excess at R ∼ 1 Mpc in their lensing profiles, which may suggest a more significant impact from selection biases. These results suggest that M _⋆-based tracers have distinct advantages in identifying massive haloes, which could open up new avenues for cluster cosmology. The codes and data used in this work can be found here: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]