Experimental Investigation of the Earth Pressure on Horizontally Composite Breakwaters According to Different Shoulder Widths of Rubble Mounds.

A series of physical experiments were carried out to investigate the characteristics of the horizontal active earth pressure exerted by rubble stones placed in front of horizontally composite breakwaters. Typically, the shoulder width of rubble mounds is shorter than the failure wedge assumed by Rankine's earth pressure theory; therefore, it is not appropriate to apply the theory for the estimation of the horizontal pressure of rubble stones on the caisson. Considering this, physical experiments were conducted to evaluate the horizontal earth pressure with rubble stones having different shoulder widths in front of the caisson. The experimental results showed that the horizontal pressure was considerably lower than that obtained by Rankine's theory when the shoulder width was shorter than the failure wedge width. Even when the shoulder width was sufficiently large to apply the theory, the earth pressure was approximately 17% lower than the value calculated byRankine's theory. Based on these analyses, an empirical equation is proposed that can estimate the earth pressure on the caisson for a wide range of shoulder widths of rubble mounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]