Where did my Lines go? Visualizing Missing Data in Parallel Coordinates.

We evaluate visualization concepts to represent missing values in parallel coordinates. We focus on the trade‐off between the ability to perceive missing values and the concept's impact on common tasks. For this purpose, we identified three missing value representation concepts: removing line segments where values are missing, adding a separate, horizontal axis onto which missing values are projected, and using imputed values as a replacement for missing values. For the missing values axis and imputed values concepts, we additionally add downplay and highlight variations. We performed a crowd‐sourced, quantitative user study with 732 participants comparing the concepts and their variations using five real‐world datasets. Based on our findings, we provide suggestions regarding which visual encoding to employ depending on the task at focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]