Effects of Concentration and Temperature on the Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Graphene–Fe3O4/Water Hybrid Nanofluid and Development of New Correlation.

This paper presents the influence of the volume concentration (VC) and temperature on the viscosity and thermal conductivity (TC) of a graphene–Fe₃O₄/water hybrid nanofluid. The experiments were done for volume concentrations (VCs) of 0.1% to 0.5% at temperatures of 20°C to 60°C. The results show that the thermal conductivity ratio (TCR) increases with the VC and temperature. Moreover, the TCR grew more with the VC percent at higher temperatures. The maximum increase in the TC was 34% at a VC of 0.5% at 60°C. The viscosity got up with the VC and decreased with temperature growth. The maximum increase in the relative viscosity (RV) was 6% at a VC of 0.5% at 60°C. Therefore, the VC affects the viscosity and TC, and a new correlation was suggested according to experimental results with good accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]