Planning, Optimisation and Evaluation of Small Power-to-Gas-to-Power Systems: Case Study of a German Dairy.

In the course of the energy transition, distributed, hybrid energy systems, such as the combination of photovoltaic (PV) and battery storages, is increasingly being used for economic and ecological reasons. However, renewable electricity generation is highly volatile, and storage capacity is usually limited. Nowadays, a new storage component is emerging: the power-to-gas-to-power (PtGtP) technology, which is able to store electricity in the form of hydrogen even over longer periods of time. Although this technology is technically well understood and developed, there are hardly any evaluations and feasibility studies of its widespread integration into current distributed energy systems under realistic legal and economic market conditions. In order to be able to give such an assessment, we develop a methodology and model that optimises the sizing and operation of a PtGtP system as part of a hybrid energy system under current German market conditions. The evaluation is based on a multi-criteria approach optimising for both costs and CO₂ emissions. For this purpose, a brute-force-based optimal design approach is used to determine optimal system sizes, combined with the energy system simulation tool oemof.solph. In order to gain further insights into this technology and its future prospects, a sensitivity analysis is carried out. The methodology is used to examine the case study of a German dairy and shows that PtGtP is not yet profitable but promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]