Populism and Trade.

When differentiating among different types of populism (right-wing, left-wing and anti-establishment populism), the econometric results differ based on the indicator used to measure protectionism. For example, when using a trade freedom index to measure populism, Jones finds no significant effect of populism on protectionism. Kent Jones' book I Populism and Trade i examines the effects of rising populism on growing trade protectionism across the world. [Extracted from the article]