COVID-19 and hygiene hypothesis: increment of the inflammatory bowel diseases in next generation?

These diseases result from complex interactions between environmental factors, including cigarette smoking, low physical inactivity, and western diet, genetical predisposition, gut immune system imbalance, and gut microbiota dysbiosis [[14]]. The possible dysbiosis resulting from intensive hygiene measures, which discussed previously for the human microbiome [[23]], during the COVID-19 era can have short-term effects on the immune system, especially gut-lung axis, and long-term effect, which is related to possible dysbiosis and IBD increment in the future. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first detected in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and due to the high transmission rate, caused a global pandemic [[1]]. Dysbiosis, as a consequence of immune system imbalance due to hyper hygiene status, may result in hyper-activity of Th-1 and Th-17, lower activity of T-regs, and lower expressions of IL-10 and regenerating islet-derived protein 3-gamma precursor (REG3- ), observed in IBD patients [[19]]. [Extracted from the article]