Politics in the Marketplace: Work, Gender, and Citizenship in Revolutionary France.

The constitution of 1791 created two categories of citizens - active and passive, based on paying a certain amount in taxes - and defined servants, women and others deemed dependent as passive citizens. Thus, it was not the revolutionary republic that defined citizenship as exclusively male, but rather the more conservative Directory and later the Napoleonic regime that revised the legal and fiscal codes so as to explicitly deny women access to citizenship. As Jarvis states in her conclusion, her research has broad significance: 'In short, the Dames defy and disrupt socioeconomic classification within the capitalist paradigm. [Extracted from the article]