Nano‐CT imaging of larvae in the ant Pheidole hyatti reveals coordinated growth of a rudimentary organ necessary for soldier development.

The growth of imaginal discs in holometabolous insects is coordinated with larval growth to ensure the symmetrical and proportional development of the adult appendages. In ants, the differential growth of these discs generates distinct castes‐the winged male and queen castes and the wingless worker caste. In the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole, the worker caste is composed of two morphologically distinct subcastes: small‐headed minor workers and larger, big‐headed, soldiers. Although these worker subcastes are completely wingless, soldier larvae develop rudimentary forewing discs that function in generating the disproportionate head‐to‐body scaling and size of soldiers. It remains unclear, however, how rudimentary forewing discs in soldier larvae are coordinated with other imaginal discs. Here we show, using quantitative nano‐CT imaging and three‐dimensional analyses, that the increase in the volume of the soldier rudimentary forewing discs is coordinated with larval size as well as with the increase in the volume of the leg and eye‐antennal (head) discs. However, relative to larval size, we found that when the rudimentary forewing discs appear during the last larval instar, they are relatively smaller but increase in volume faster than that of the head (eye‐antennal) and leg discs. These findings show that the rudimentary wing disc in soldier larvae has evolved novel patterns of inter‐organ coordination as compared with other insects to generate the big‐headed soldier caste in Pheidole. More generally, our study raises the possibility that novel patterns of inter‐organ coordination are a general feature of rudimentary organs that acquire novel regulatory functions during development and evolution. Research highlights: We applied nano‐CT imaging to ant larvae to study the developmental origin and inter‐organ coordination of caste‐specific traits.We show that a rudimentary organ, evolved novel patterns of inter‐organ coordination and regulation to produce the soldier caste in the ant genus Pheidole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]