A cultural ecosystem service perspective on the interactions between humans and soils in gardens.

However, soil scientific research concerning private gardens or urban gardening is often limited to research about soil pollutants or contamination of soils and the foodstuff produced on them (Antoniadis et al., 2017; Bidar et al., 2020; Bretzel et al., 2016; Entwistle et al., 2019; Mathee et al., 2018; McBride et al., 2014; Mitchell et al., 2014). Some studies also address historical developments in soil science, for example, the development of the soil organic matter concept (Manlay et al., 2007), socio-cultural aspects of soil management and soil science (Rabinovich et al., 2019; Willy & Holm-Müller, 2013) or investigate local soil knowledge (Barrera-Bassols & Zinck, 2003; Krasilnikov & Tabor, 2003; WinklerPrins & Sandor, 2003), sometimes even with a focus on the ES framework (Smith & Sullivan, 2014). Keywords: cultural ecosystem services; gardening; interdisciplinary; soil EN cultural ecosystem services gardening interdisciplinary soil 1025 1035 11 10/11/21 20211001 NES 211001 INTRODUCTION Gardens are widespread and created for various reasons, for example, civic engagement (Bendt et al., 2013; Krasny & Tidball, 2009; Maurer, 2020), food production (Aptekar & Myers, 2020; Pourias et al., 2016), restoration (Home & Vieli, 2020), recreation (Bhatti & Church, 2000), aesthetic purposes (Lindemann-Matthies & Marty, 2013) or a combination of them (Teuber et al., 2019). In this paper, I use the framework of cultural ecosystem services (CES) of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) to illustrate the interconnections between soils and the cultural and social dimensions of soil cultivation in gardens. CULTURAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, GARDENS AND SOILS By revisiting existing literature about gardens using the CES approach of Fish et al. (2016) I want to provide new insights into the link between the gardeners and the soils they work with (Figure 1). [Extracted from the article]