The characterization and pollution status of the surface sediment in the Boka Kotorska Bay, Montenegro.

Surface sediments collected from twelve stations in the Boka Kotorska Bay were analyzed for the level and distribution of twenty-six elements and ten oxides, grain sizes, organic matter, and carbonate content. Potentially toxic elements (Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb, As, Co, U) were determined to assess the contamination status and potential environmental risk according to the single-element indices (enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF)), and combined index (pollution load index (PLI)). The single-element indices EF and CF revealed that the surface marine sediment was moderately polluted with Pb, Cu, and Cr, while Igeo indicated moderate pollution with Ni > Cr > Zn > Cu > As and moderate to heavy pollution with Pb, as a result of the anthropogenic factors. The method of the combined effect of toxic elements, PLI, showed the highest pollution rate at the shipyard location in the Bay of Tivat. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r), principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA) were applied to highlight similarities and differences in the distribution of the investigated elements in the Bay, confirming the claim obtained by the pollution indices. The sediment contamination with most heavy metals, such as Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb, and As, has been identified in the Tivat Bay area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]