Numerical investigation of wing–wing interaction and its effect on the aerodynamic force of a hovering dragonfly.

The present research focuses on the timing of wing–wing interaction that benefits the aerodynamic force of a dragonfly in hovering flight at Reynolds number 1350. A 3-D numerical simulation method, called the system coupling, was utilised by implementing a two-way coupling between the transient structural and flow analysis. We further explore the aerodynamic forces produced at different phase angles on the forewing and hindwing during the hovering flight condition of a dragonfly. A pair of dragonfly wings is simulated to obtain the force generated during flapping at a 60° inclination stroke plane angle with respect to the horizontal. The hovering flight is simulated by varying the phase angle and the inter-distance between the two wings. We observe a significant enhancement in the lift (16%) of the hindwing when it flaps in-phase with the forewing and closer to the forewing, maintaining an inter-wing distance of 1.2 cm (where cm is the mean chord length). However, for the same condition, the lift of the hindwing reduces by 9% when the wings are out of phase/counterstroke flapping. These benefits and drawbacks are dependent on the timing of the interactions between the forewing and hindwing. The time of interaction of wake capture, wing–wing interaction, dipole structure and development of root vortex are examined by 2-D vorticity of the flow field and isosurface of the 3-D model dragonfly. From the isosurface, we found that the root vortex elicited at the root of the hindwing in counter-flapping creates an obstacle for the shedding of wake vortices, which results in reduction of vertical lift during the upstroke of flapping. Hence, at the supination stage, a dragonfly uses a high rotation angle for the hovering flight mode. It is observed that the system coupling method was found to be more efficient and exhibited better performance. The present numerical methodology shows a very close match to the previously reported results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]