Impacts of the Eruption of Mount Pinatubo on Surface Temperatures and Precipitation Forecasts With the NASA GEOS Subseasonal‐to‐Seasonal System.

A contemporary seasonal forecasting system is used to study the impacts of a volcanic sulfate injection into the stratosphere on the seasonal forecasts for surface temperatures, the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and precipitation. The focus is a case study of the June 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines and the period from July 1991 to February 1992. Version 2 of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) subseasonal‐to‐seasonal (S2S) forecasting system is used in this study. GEOS‐S2S includes the GOddard Chemistry, Aerosols, Radiation and Transport (GOCART) aerosol module, which allows to prognostically simulate aerosol distributions. GOCART is coupled to the radiation and cloud modules to include the impact of the eruption on forecasted radiation and precipitation. The coupled GEOS‐S2S system was initialized in May 1991 with fields based on observations to produce ten‐member 9‐month forecasts with and without the volcanic sulfur injection. The results of these ensemble experiments demonstrate that including Mt. Pinatubo in seasonal forecasts would improve the forecasts of the 1991–1992 global mean temperature and precipitation but worsen the forecast of ENSO by strengthening of El Niño beyond what showed in observations. Most significant changes in the forecasts of temperatures and precipitation are limited to the tropics. The only land area where the inclusion of Pinatubo significantly lowered the forecasted precipitation is tropical Africa. Key Points: The inclusion of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption improves the skill of GEOS‐S2S forecasting hemispheric temperature and precipitation ratesThe inclusion of Pinatubo strengthens the forecasted El Niño beyond observationsPinatubo does not significantly modify the forecasts of temperatures and precipitation in most extratropical regions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]