The application of virtual fencing technology effectively herds cattle and sheep.

Context: Herding and mustering procedures during livestock management can be time-consuming, labour intensive, and costly. The ability to gather animals virtually is an enticing notion but technology to do this is not widely commercially available. Aims: The eShepherd^® virtual fencing system being developed for cattle may be able to remotely herd animals. This system operates via global positioning system, and requires animals to wear a neckband device. Animals are trained to associate an audio tone with an electrical pulse to avoid a virtual boundary. Methods: Experiments were conducted with cattle using pre-commercial prototypes of the automated virtual fencing neckbands, and with sheep using manually operated dog training collars implementing the same virtual fencing algorithm to explore the potential of this technology for herding, and optimal fence designs for herding success. In the first experiment, five groups of 12 cattle were moved down a 344 m paddock using three different fence placement designs. Results: The most successful design for cattle herding was a back fence that followed behind the animals to prevent them from turning back in the wrong direction. The fences were manually activated by personnel based on the cattle movement. The same type of fence design was manually applied to two groups of six sheep to successfully herd them down a 140 m paddock in the second experiment. Conclusions: All herding was highly dependent on the animal's own pace of movement as no signals were applied to 'push' the animals, the systems only prevented movement back in the wrong direction. The pre-commercial prototype of the automated eShepherd^® device used is now obsolete and testing with updated versions would be needed to confirm its application for animal herding. Implications: These preliminary trials indicate potential for virtual fencing technology to herd livestock, but technology improvements are required, and an automated device for sheep is not yet available. Herding and mustering of livestock can be labour intensive and costly. Gathering animals virtually may be economically beneficial but technology is not currently widely commercially available. This study tested the application of pre-commercial prototypes of the eShepherd^® virtual fencing system to herd cattle, and manual electronic collars applying the same algorithm to herd sheep. A single back fence that followed behind the animals to prevent movement back in the opposite direction was most successful but further testing with updated technology is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]