Multimodal and scale-sensitive assessment of sense of place in residential areas of Ankara, Turkey.

In order to make the phenomenological concept sense of place (SoP) pragmatic in design and planning, this research investigates the SoP indicators concerning spatial scales of the physical environment. Seven indicators are extracted from the literature, namely 'place identity', 'place dependence', 'nature bonding', 'social bonding', 'sense of belonging', 'familiarity' and 'social interaction'. In this paper, their relevance was discussed against 'place attachment' which is used interchangeably with SoP in the literature. 'Place attachment' and the seven indicators were scored through interviews with residents in general and at the the building, street and neighbourhood scales, in six housing developments selected from Ankara, Turkey. The residents rated their experiences regarding a set of statements for each indicator using the seven-point Likert scale. The data sets then were validated statistically. The correlations between each indicator and 'place attachment' in general and at the three scales were identified. The results showed that 'place identity' and 'place dependence' were the most relevant indicators to SoP, at the street and neighbourhood scales in particular. The second most relevant indicators were 'sense of belonging' and 'social bonding' at the building and street scales and 'social interaction' at the street scale. The research suggests that these five indicators could be employed to evaluate SoP at all scales or guide place-making at a particular spatial scale in planning and design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]