A Review of the Living Lab Research Development and Methods.

This study presents a state-of-the-art review of the Living Lab research development. 535 Living Lab publications were probed with a bibliometric approach. Despite its dispersed development, Living Lab research has emerged into a few rising and collaborative clusters. We detected the convergence towards fields like the aging problem of the society, smart city, Urban Living Lab, and sustainability. The Urban Living Lab clusters have been growing rapidly and potentially forming their own research domain. Subsequently, a systematic review of 42 empirical papers explored the methods and tools adopted by Living Labs for user involvement during the innovation process. We categorized these methods into the following eight thematic groups: 1). Structured interaction; 2). Flexible interaction; 3). Extended network; 4). Using special actors; 5). Learning & engaging; 6). Design & approaches; 7). Techniques; 8). Operational guidelines. The study contributes to theoretical and practice-oriented Living Lab research, and potential support to practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]