Hot Spots of Glacier Mass Balance Variability in Central Asia.

The Tien Shan and Pamir mountains host over 28,000 glaciers providing essential water resources for increasing water demand in Central Asia. A disequilibrium between glaciers and climate affects meltwater release to Central Asian rivers, challenging the region's water availability. Previous research has neglected temporal variability. We present glacier mass balance estimates based on transient snowline and geodetic surveys with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution from 1999/00 to 2017/18. Our results reveal spatiotemporal heterogeneity characterized by two mass balance clusters: (a) positive, low variability, and (b) negative, high variability. This translates into variable glacial meltwater release (≈1-16%) of annual river runoff for two watersheds. Our study reveals more complex climate forcingrunoff responses and importance of glacial meltwater variability for the region than suggested previously. Plain Language Summary Glaciers in Central Asia act as water towers for millions of people by storing and releasing water in response to climate. Monitoring glaciers is difficult due to their often very remote locations. Satellite remote sensing has emerged as a powerful method but a drawback is their (semi-)decadal resolution for glacier mass change surveys. We present a methodology, combining multiyear elevation change maps with frequent snowline observations to estimate mass changes and variability at annual scale, which allows us identifying so far unrecognized regions of contrasting trends for the Tien Shan and Pamir mountains. These "hot spots" reveal a far more complex climate-glacier interplay than previously known. The additional meltwater released from the retreating glaciers varies considerably and contributes to the river flow for warm dry years by twice as much as for cold wet years. Our findings will help to better understand the impact of climate change on Central Asian glaciers and their meltwater release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]