Cholangiocarcinoma: is it time for a revolution?

Molecular-targeted therapies for specific populations For inoperable cases, the only drug therapies for cholangiocarcinoma considered so far as being effective, at least to some degree, are combined gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) therapy as first-line treatment [[8]], and combined 5-FU, folinic acid, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) therapy as second-line treatment [[10]]; however, these agents are still not approved for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma in several countries. Keywords: Biliary cancer; cholangiocarcinoma; immune checkpoints inhibitors; molecular targeted agents; perioperative therapy EN Biliary cancer cholangiocarcinoma immune checkpoints inhibitors molecular targeted agents perioperative therapy 467 470 4 06/05/21 20210501 NES 210501 1. 2020; 12 (11): 3370.. •• Review providing an overview of the molecular heterogeneity of cholangiocarcinoma and summarizes new targets and emerging therapies in development 6 Rizzo A, Brandi G. Pitfalls, challenges, and updates in adjuvant systemic treatment for resected biliary tract cancer. Traditionally, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma used to be classified as primary liver cancer due to anatomical reasons; however, it is more akin, in terms of its histopathological characteristics, to biliary cancer than to liver cancer, and can be classified as biliary cancer, especially when considering drug therapy. [Extracted from the article]