Summaries of Doctoral Dissertations.

My work contrasts the effects of two major pillars of nineteenth-century American land policy, which collectively distributed about 25 percent of the country's area in a foundational time for many of its states. On one side were the Irish Volunteers, also known as the IRA, and on the other were the forces of the British government in Ireland.[22] The Dáil selected a cabinet from its representatives - with ministries including Defence, Finance, and Foreign Affairs forming what Arthur Mitchell has termed a "counter-state."[23] At first, this counter-state had neither international recognition nor territorial integrity, but as the war progressed, it took on more and more of the characteristics of a legitimate government. Thus, the American government could have realized most of the gains from an efficient land policy without needing an alternate source of funds for its industrialization. Second, I the banking authorities and the banks were absolutely silent about the depth of the banking crisis i . By building a unique, state-spanning branch bank network, Bank of America reshaped California's local banking markets in the 1920s (Carlson and Mitchener 2009). [Extracted from the article]