Top‐of‐Atmosphere Radiation Budget and Cloud Radiative Effects Over the Tibetan Plateau and Adjacent Monsoon Regions From CMIP6 Simulations.

This study investigates the top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) radiation budget (RT) and cloud radiative effects (CREs) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and adjacent Asian monsoon regions including Eastern China (EC) and South Asia (SA) using the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) simulations. Considerable simulation biases occur but specific causes differ in these regions. Most models underestimate the intensity of annual mean RT and cloud radiative cooling effect over the TP, and the RT during the cold‐warm transition period is hard to capture. The biases in surface temperature and cloud fractions substantially contribute to cloud‐radiation biases over the western and eastern TP, respectively. Over EC, the intensity of RT and cloud radiative cooling effect is seriously underestimated especially in the springtime when the model spread is large, and their biases are closely related to less low‐middle cloud fractions and weaker ascending motion. Over SA, simulation biases mainly arise from longwave radiative components associated with less high cloud fraction and weaker convection, with the large model spread in the summertime. The annual cycles of RT and CREs over EC and SA can be well reproduced by most models, while the summertime peak of the net CRE over the TP occurs later than the observation. The RT and its simulation bias strongly depend on the cloud radiative cooling effect over EC and SA. Our results demonstrate that contemporary climate models still have obvious difficulties in representing various complex cloud‐radiation processes in Asian monsoon regions. Key Points: Radiation budget (RT) and cloud radiative cooling effect are underestimated over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and Eastern China (EC), but cloud radiative cooling effect is overestimated over South Asia (SA)The simulated cloud‐radiation biases are related to less low‐middle clouds and weaker ascending motion over EC, less high clouds and weaker convection over SA, and lower surface temperature over the western TPMost models can capture the high dependence of RT on cloud radiative cooling effect over EC and SA, but fail to reproduce it over the TP [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]