Entropy-Based Drowsiness Detection Using Adaptive Variational Mode Decomposition.

Background: Drivers drowsiness is one of the prime reasons for road accidents. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals provide crucial information regarding drowsy state due to neurological changes in the brain. But the complex nature of EEG signals makes it difficult to study these changes. A detailed analysis of the EEG signal can be done if it is decomposed into multi-modes. Method: In this paper, adaptive variational mode decomposition (AVMD) is used for accurate analysis and synthesis of EEG signals. The number of modes (${J}$) and quadratic penalty factor ($\alpha $) is selected adaptively to find out representative information from EEG signals. Selection of ${J}$ and $\alpha $ is done by minimizing the reconstruction error using the Jaya optimization algorithm. Features are extracted from the adaptively decomposed modes. Entropy-based features selected by statistical analysis are classified with different classification algorithms. Eight performance parameters are evaluated to test the system’s effectiveness. Results: The reconstruction error of $4.035\times 10^{-09}$ and $1.564\times 10^{-09}$ for the alert and drowsy state shows that the proposed method gives a better synthesis of signals. An accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F-1 score, Kappa, false-positive rate, error, and precision of 97.19%, 97.01%, 97.46%, 0.976, 94.23%, 2.54%, 2.81%, and 98.18% shows that the proposed method provides representative modes for analysis. Conclusion: The comparison shows that AVMD is superior over conventional and existing methods by about 7% and 1%, respectively. The solution provided in this paper takes a step ahead for efficient synthesis and analysis of EEG signals to detect the drowsy state of drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]