Advances and constraints in somatic embryogenesis of Araucaria angustifolia, Acca sellowiana, and Bactris gasipaes.

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a useful biotechnological tool to promote the conservation of plant genetic resources. Araucaria angustifolia, Acca sellowiana, and Bactris gasipaes are forest species with recognized ecological, cultural, and economic importance in the subtropical Atlantic Forest and the tropical Amazon Forest. SE protocols have been studied for these three species for more than 30 years. Despite the advances obtained during this time, some drawbacks remain. Here we reviewed and discussed the advancements and continuing constraints in the SE of these species, pointing out the more successful procedures. Further, we highlight several of the most pressing issues remaining in the SE protocols for each species. Further development of these protocols will aid in the conservation of these three species. Key Message: Advances and drawbacks of the SE in three forest species of the Atlantic Forest and the Amazon Forest are discussed. Perspectives for overpassing the main shortcomings are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]