To affiliate, or not to affiliate. Transaction costs and governance choices in luxury hotels in Germany.

This paper examines the choice of affiliation or no affiliation to a large hotel chain from the viewpoint of luxury hotel property owners in Germany. Grounded in transaction cost theory, this study identifies how uncertainty and frequency influence the owners' choice of unaffiliated operation and affiliation. The study augments the traditional governance literature in the field of the hotel by shedding light on the market/hierarchy decision of property owners rather than on the market entry strategies of international hotels firm. Through a multiple regression analysis on a sample of 122 existing five-star hotels in Germany, this study provides new empirical evidence that a frequent contract conclusion with the same hotel chain and a "hotel unrelated" background of the owner increases the likelihood of affiliation. In contrast to what transaction cost theory traditionally predicts, our results reveal that uncertainty is not influencing the owners' market/hierarchy decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]