TNF‐α/HMGB1 inflammation signalling pathway regulates pyroptosis during liver failure and acute kidney injury.

Objective: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of acute liver failure (ALF). Pyroptosis is a necrosis type related to inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the role of TNF‐α/HMGB1 pathway in pyroptosis during ALF and AKI. Methods: An ALF and AKI mouse model was generated using LPS/D‐Gal, and a TNF‐α inhibitor, CC‐5013, was used to treat the mice. THP‐1 cells were induced to differentiate into M1 macrophages, then challenged with either CC‐5013 or an HMGB1 inhibitor, glycyrrhizin. pLVX‐mCMVZsGreen‐PGK‐Puros plasmids containing TNF‐α wild‐type (WT), mutation A94T of TNF‐α and mutation P84L of TNF‐α were transfected into M1 macrophages. Results: Treatment with CC‐5013 decreased the activation of TNF‐α/HMGB1 pathway and pyroptosis in the treated mice and cells compared with the control mice and cells. CC‐5013 also ameliorated liver and kidney pathological changes and improved liver and renal functions in treated mice, and the number of M1 macrophages in the liver and kidney tissues also decreased. The activation of TNF‐α/HMGB1 pathway and pyroptosis increased in the M1 macrophage group compared with the normal group. Similarly, the activation of TNF‐α/HMGB1 pathway and pyroptosis in the LPS + WT group also increased. By contrast, the activation of the TNF‐α/HMGB1 pathway and pyroptosis decreased in the LPS + A94T and LPS + P84L groups. Moreover, glycyrrhizin inhibited pyroptosis. Conclusion: The TNF‐α/HMGB1 inflammation signalling pathway plays an important role in pyroptosis during ALF and AKI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]