Why and How Parents Promote Math Learning with their Young Children: A Mixed-Methods Investigation.

Objective. This study examined parental characteristics that related to children's early math learning. Specifically, we examined how parents engage in math activities with their children in the home and how their practices were informed by parents' experiences with and perceptions of math. Design. Using a mixed-methods design, we first quantitatively examined associations between two parental characteristics, past math experiences and current math anxiety, and various types of math activities to understand factors that predict home math engagement in a sample of 34 parents. We then conducted semi-structured interviews with a sample of 15 parents to identify additional factors that relate to parents' engagement in math activities with their young children. Results. We found that parents' math anxiety predicted their reports of math activity frequency in the home, controlling for demographics as well as prior measures of math enrichment. Through qualitative analyses, we demonstrated considerable variability in the way that math activities are implemented and described by parents and identify a novel theoretical construct – parents' goals for children's math learning – which relates to parents' practices. Conclusions. These results suggest that survey measures may fail to capture important heterogeneity in parents' practices and that additional predictors such as parental goals should be explored in future quantitative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]