Animated film in Japan until 1919: western animation and the beginnings of anime.

, by In this scrupulously detailed study Litten undertakes to expand the scope of our appreciation of the genesis of Japanese animation prior to the more commonly accepted point of departure in the year 1917. Litten, correctly in my view, takes an integrative approach to animation in Japan, acknowledging that the eventually dominant animation techniques in commercial animation production emerged from amongst an array of technologies, including chromolithography and paper-animation techniques. [Extracted from the article]