The role of turbulence and internal waves in the structure and evolution of a near-field river plume.

An along-channel momentum budget is quantified in the near-field plume region of a controlled river flow entering Doubtful Sound, New Zealand. Observations include highly resolved density, velocity and turbulence, enabling a momentum budget to be constructed over a control volume. Estimates of internal stress (τ) were made from direct measurements of turbulence dissipation rates (ε) using vertical microstructure profiles. High flow speeds of the surface plume over 2 m s^-1 and strong stratification (N² ~ 10^-1 s^-2) resulted in enhanced turbulence dissipation rates (ε > 10^-3 W kg^-1) and internal stress (τ > 10^-2 m² s^-2) at the base of surface layer. An observed transition from a supercritical to sub-critical flow regime in the initial 1 km indicates the presence of an internal hydraulic jump and the subsequent release of internal gravity waves. The momentum flux divergence of these internal waves suggests that almost 15% of the total plume momentum can be transported out of the system by wave radiation, therefore playing a crucial role in the redistribution of momentum within the near-field plume. Observations illustrate that the evolution of the momentum budget components vary between the distinct surface plume layer and the turbulent, shear-stratified interfacial layer. Within the surface plume, a momentum balance was achieved. The dynamical balance demonstrates that the deceleration of the plume, driven by along-channel advection, is controlled by turbulence stress from the plume discharge point to as far as 3 km downstream. In the interfacial layer however, the momentum equation was dominated by the turbulence stress term and the balance was not closed. The redistribution of momentum within the shear-stratified layer by the observed hydraulic jump and internal wave radiation could account for the discrepancy in the budget. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]