Multistage Axial Hydro-Forging Sequence: A New Forming Approach for Manufacturing of Double-Stepped Tubes.

To manufacture the large-expansion-ratio double-stepped tube without thinning, a new approach known as multistage axial hydro-forging sequence has been proposed in this study. The whole forming process is divided into five stages. Compared with traditional tube hydroforming, the thickness can be increased by axial compression deformation to reduce the thinning ratio and enhance the forming capacity of the tube in hydro-forging stage and double-stepped hydro-forging stage, respectively. The proposed multistage axial hydro-forging sequence process was implemented by experiments along with the finite element simulation to validate its feasibility. The suitable loading path to prevent defects such as wrinkle and thinning was discussed. The results showed that double-stepped tube with large expansion ratio can be produced successfully with movable dies' design. There is no thinning in the final tube, particularly in all stepped area, and a better thickness distribution could be achieved. As a result, the proposed multistage axial hydro-forging sequence can be a feasible forming approach for the fabrication of large-expansion-ratio double-stepped tubes with high reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]