Emerging blockchain-based applications and techniques.

The primary mission of the blockchain is to establish a creditworthy ecosystem among independent participants in a non-trustable distributed environment. A blockchain system is secure and autonomous based on its chained blocks, peer–peer nodes, consensus-based ledger mechanism, anonymous accounts, self-regulated data ownership, and programmable smart contracts. There are continuous arguments at which features from Bitcoin are fundamental for blockchains and what are changeable. Furthermore, a devoted credit system is required to make blockchain systems creditworthy although blockchains provide a creditworthy infrastructure for data-level storage and operations. The necessity, feasibility, efficiency, and expected benefits are crucial factors to evaluate a blockchain venture. Several popular and promising blockchain techniques are underdeveloped; among them are those for blockchain creditworthiness, performance, efficiency, security, privacy, supervision, and online-to-offline integration. A new prosperity of the blockchain is on its way since two symbolic projects, the Libra by Facebook and the DCEP by Central Bank of China, were announced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]