VILLAGES, TRIBAL MARKETS, AND TOWNS: SOME CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE SPANISH AND INTERNATIONAL ZONES OF MOROCCO.

This article focuses on considerations concerning urban development in the Spanish and International Zones of Morocco. In the Rif, Ghomara and Senhaja areas of the central part, a biological family forms the house unit while a kind of joint-family composed of a man, his wives, descendants, and male descendants' wives, along with his brothers, their wives, descendants, and male descendants' wives and known as awar/iwaren, frequently has its dwellings clustered together within a larger group, predominantly endogamous, and composed of a number of such iwaren which are sociologically related. The whole is known as an ighs/ikhsan which sometimes with adopted iwaren as well, usually forms the village community. Except in a few village-communities of a special kind, there is very little industrial activity, apart from that for immediate local needs. Yet the tribal society of the Spanish and International Zones forms no exception to the general rule that most communities find some need to exchange. There are very few towns in the Spanish and International Zones of Morocco. Even including Wazzan, there are only nine towns all told, and that in an area nearly twice the size of Wales, and with a population of more than a million.