Candidate massive galaxies at z  ∼ 4 in the Dark Energy Survey.

Using stellar population models, we predicted that the Dark Energy Survey (DES) – due to its special combination of area (5000 deg²) and depth (i  = 24.3) – would be in the position to detect massive (≳10¹¹ M_⊙) galaxies at |$z$|  ∼ 4. We confront those theoretical calculations with the first ∼150 deg² of DES data reaching nominal depth. From a catalogue containing ∼5 million sources, ∼26 000 were found to have observed-frame g − r versus  r − i colours within the locus predicted for |$z$|  ∼ 4 massive galaxies. We further removed contamination by stars and artefacts, obtaining 606 galaxies lining up by the model selection box. We obtained their photometric redshifts and physical properties by fitting model templates spanning a wide range of star formation histories, reddening and redshift. Key to constrain the models is the addition, to the optical DES bands g, r, i, |$z$|⁠, and Y, of near-IR J, H, K_s data from the Vista Hemisphere Survey. We further applied several quality cuts to the fitting results, including goodness of fit and a unimodal redshift probability distribution. We finally select 233 candidates whose photometric redshift probability distribution function peaks around |$z$|  ∼ 4, have high stellar masses [log (M */M_⊙) ∼ 11.7 for a Salpeter IMF] and ages around 0.1 Gyr, i.e. formation redshift around 5. These properties match those of the progenitors of the most massive galaxies in the local Universe. This is an ideal sample for spectroscopic follow-up to select the fraction of galaxies which are truly at high redshift. These initial results and those at the survey completion, which we shall push to higher redshifts, will set unprecedented constraints on galaxy formation, evolution, and the re-ionization epoch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]