Validation metrics for ice edge position forecasts.

The ice edge is a simple quantity in the form of a line that can be derived from a spatially varying sea ice concentration field. Due to its long history and relevance for operations in the Arctic, the position of the ice edge should be an essential element in any system that is designed to monitor or provide forecasts for the physical state of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent ocean regions. Like for all components of monitoring and forecast products, users need to complement information about the ice edge position with the expected accuracy of the data or model results. Such information is traditionally available as a set of metrics that provide a concentrated assessment of the information quality. In this study we provide a survey of metrics that are presently included in the product quality assessment of the CMEMS Arctic Marine Forecasting Center sea-ice edge position forecast. We show that when ice edge results from different products are compared, mismatching results for polynya and local freezing at the coasts of continents and archipelagos have a large impact on the quality assessment. Such situations, which occur regularly in the products we examine, have not previously properly been acknowledged when a set of metrics for the quality of ice edge position results have been constructed. We examine the quality of ice edge forecasts using a total of 17 metrics for the ice edge position. These metrics are analyzed in synthetic examples, in selected cases of actual forecasts, and for a full year of weekly forecast bulletins. Using necessity and simplicity of information as a guideline, we recommend using a set of four metrics that sheds light on the various aspects of product quality that we consider. Moreover, any user is expected to be interested in a limited part of the geographical domain, so metrics derived as domain-wide integrated quantities may be of limited value. Consequently, we recommend that metrics are also made available for appropriate set of subdomains. Furthermore, we find that the metrics' decorrelation time scales are much longer than the present forecast range. Hence our final recommendation is to include depictions of gridded mismatching of ice edge positions using maps for the integrated ice edge error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]