Reaction Mechanisms of Sodium‐Ion Batteries under Various Charge and Discharge Conditions in a Three‐Electrode Setup.

Abstract: Charge‐discharge reaction mechanisms of sodium‐ion batteries under various condition are studied by using a three‐electrode setup of a pouch‐type sodium‐ion battery. The sodium‐ion battery is constructed by using cost‐effective ternary layered Na_0.76Ni_0.3Fe_0.4Mn_0.3O₂ and commercial hard carbon as the cathode and anode materials, respectively, and 1.0 M NaPF₆ in mixed carbonate solvent as the electrolyte. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that an apparent solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) film is formed on anode material surface during the formation (pre‐charging) process, and the potentials for the SEI film formation of the solvents (ethylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate) and the additive (fluorinated ethylene carbonate) in the electrolyte are 2.04 and 2.79 V, respectively. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrate that, during charge, the crystal structure of cathode material changes significantly with the deintercalation of Na⁺. When the battery is charged to 5.0 V, the diffraction peak corresponding to the (002) plane disappears, as Na⁺ is further deintercalated, and the structure changes from the hexagonal phase to the monoclinic phase, causing the rapid degradation of the cycle performance. When the battery is overdischarged to 0 V, the EIS results and TEM images show that the SEI film is destroyed completely, and the cycle life performance is significantly deteriorated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]