Design of a New Primary Frequency Control Market for Hosting Frequency Response Reserve Offers From Both Generators and Loads.

This paper presents the design of a new primary frequency control (PFC) market for hosting frequency response reserve (FRR) offers from both generators and loads. Traditionally, FRR is provided by synchronous generators. Advanced control and monitoring technologies have enabled loads to provide fast and discrete PFC, which is complementary to the slow and continuous governor response provided by synchronous generators. In this paper, the performance of the PFC provided by the load is benchmarked by the equivalent amount of PFC provided by the synchronous generators at each typical system inertia condition using the actual dynamic network models and operation data of the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) system. Then, a new real-time PFC market mechanism is proposed to accept and value the PFC offers from both generators and loads. A few case studies are presented to illustrate the new market mechanism and demonstrate its effectiveness for mitigating price spikes. The results of this paper are applicable to other low-inertia power grids similar to the ERCOT system for procuring ancillary services that are essential to host high penetration of renewable resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]